![]() F9 Malmo, factor IX and deep vein thrombosis. Risk of venous and arterial thrombotic events in patients diagnosed with superficial vein thrombosis: a nationwide cohort study. The risk of venous thrombosis in individuals with a history of superficial vein thrombosis and acquired venous thrombotic risk factors. Racial differences in venous thromboembolism. ![]() Mechanistic view of risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. New insights into the mechanisms of venous thrombosis. This systematic review of the literature shows that VTE is a major burden of disease across low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Thrombosis: a major contributor to the global disease burden. ISTH Steering Committee for World Thrombosis Day. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality. The postthrombotic syndrome: evidence-based prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. This study describes the long-term mortality in a large cohort of Dutch patients with DVT. Long-term survival in a large cohort of patients with venous thrombosis: incidence and predictors. E., van Hylckama Vlieg, A., Cannegieter, S. Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis: a population-based study. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Gesammalte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medizin. Diagnosis and management of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis in adults. The recent introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs also known as new OACs (NOACs)), which directly inhibit either factor Xa or thrombin, has provided clinicians with new treatment options that have a lower bleeding risk than conventional therapy. VTE is treated with anticoagulants and occasionally with thrombolytics, both of which are associated with a risk of bleeding. Up to 50% of patients with DVT develop pain, oedema and ulcers - the so-called post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) - which reduce quality of life 7. VTE survivors have a poor prognosis, with an average one-year mortality rate of 10% 5, 6. Pulmonary embolism is fatal in ∼10% of acute cases, with higher rates in patients with cancer. It has an annual incidence of 1–2 events per 1,000 person-years and is more common in men than women the incidence increases to 1 event per 100 person-years in individuals older than 55 years of age 5. ![]() VTE is a multicausal, episodic disorder and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: New therapies with improved safety profiles are needed to prevent and treat venous thrombosis. Anticoagulants are also used to reduce recurrence. ![]() VTE is treated with anticoagulants and occasionally with thrombolytics to prevent thrombus extension and to reduce thrombus size. Diagnosis of VTE requires testing and exclusion of other pathologies, and typically involves laboratory measures (such as D-dimer) and diagnostic imaging. Animal studies have revealed pathogenic roles for leukocytes, platelets, tissue factor-positive microvesicles, neutrophil extracellular traps and factors XI and XII. A combination of blood stasis, plasma hypercoagulability and endothelial dysfunction is thought to trigger thrombosis, which starts most often in the valve pockets of large veins. Genetic and acquired risk factors for thrombosis include non-O blood groups, factor V Leiden mutation, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, advanced age, surgery, hospitalization and long-haul travel. DVT leads to post-thrombotic syndrome, whereas pulmonary embolism can cause chronic pulmonary hypertension, both of which reduce quality of life. VTE is the leading cause of lost disability-adjusted life years and the third leading cause of cardiovascular death in the world. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) encompasses deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism.
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